birdsoup

Have you ever had a bowling ball dropped on your head from ten feet? Me neither. But I expect it would hurt. A lot.

That’s why I worry whenever it rains. I wonder what a tiny chickadee feels when he is flying along minding his own business and suddenly it gets wacked on the head by a giant rain drop. Ouch! For a chickadee the impact might be equal to a bowling ball. It could knock the chickadee out of the sky (without a black box recording explaining what actually happened). Maybe that is why you don’t see many birds flying when it is raining.

Scientists tell me not to worry. They say it is not a problem and assure me it won’t happen.   They say as a rain drop falls and gains speed it creates a tiny bubble of air in front of it. When that air bubble reaches the chickadee, it gently pushes the rain drop away from the bird so they never directly collide. In a way it is like the air flowing over the wing of a jet plane. Rather than creating an air blockage, the air gets directed above and below the plane’s wing and actually creates a pressure differential that provides lift for the plane.

Because birds are so tiny we sometimes overlook difficulties they could encounter. We are big, they are much smaller. Events that humans can easily survive might be much more dramatic for a bird. For example, humans may not like snow, but they can easily handle an inch or two of snow. That much snow might be taller than a bird’s head.

Or consider a windy day. We can feel the force of wind gusts of 15-20 miles per hour. Our hair may blow around, or our eyes may tear.   But even a light breeze must feel like a hurricane to a bird. How do they even manage to fly in wind?

           Many birders suffer from the same poor habit that plagued Sherlock Holmes’ companion, Dr. Watson. Sherlock constantly chided him saying “Watson, you look but you do not see.” The same is definitely true of some birders.

            After a new client had visited their lodgings on Baker Street, Holmes would ask Watson what he noticed about the client.   Dr. Watson might reply that the client was middle-aged, slightly shorter than average height with light brown hair. Sherlock, on the other hand, had observed the client more closely and offered a more detailed description.

            He would state, based on the unique tattoo on the client’s left wrist, his rolling gait and his deep tan that he had once been a sailor who spent time in the Caribbean.   Ink stains on his index finger suggest he is now an office clerk and the frays on his collar and sleeves indicate he has limited funds. To compensate for his lack of height, he had extra thick heels and soles on his shoes which were splashed with mud of a specific shade that is only found in one part of Sussex.

            Both men had observed the same client. Watson had looked at him carefully and formed a general impression. Sherlock, on the other hand, saw more deeply. Not only did he form a general impression, he also noticed all the minor details. Same client, two different descriptions. Watson looked, but Holmes saw.

            Similar variations occur when two birders look at a bird. One birder will notice the general impression. The other will see and note all the little details (that at times can help nail an ID). One looks, the other sees.

            For some species a general impression may be all that is needed to identify the bird, a robin, for example.   You have probably looked at thousands of robins. You don’t need binoculars. You can identify a robin easily with barely a glance. But have you ever really observed a robin closely, seen the little details?   Here’s a test: What is the color of a robin’s throat?   Have you ever noticed the small white triangles at the tip of its tail? Does in have an eye ring? Does it have wing bars?   Some birders can’t answer these questions without consulting a field guide or actually looking a robin to confirm the answers.   With common birds it is tempting to just look without really seeing the details.

            A mourning dove is another common bird, often looked at, but usually not seen in detail. Watson could provide the general description of a light brown bird with a long pointed tail and sort legs. Sherlock would have noted its pale blue eye ring and dark cheek spot.   When you spot a flicker, do you consistently look for presence of the mustache that indicates it is a male? Or are you content to simply indentify it as a flicker.

           For common, everyday birds it isn’t necessary to really see the bird in detail. However, for less common birds, it helps to see the details in order to confirm an ID. And for a rarity, it is absolutely essential to observe the bird closely.   Describing a robin as having a dark back and a rusty chest may be adequate for identifying a robin. But if you see an oriole outside its normal range, simply describing it as a black and orange bird is not enough to identify it. You need to see more details.

            Develop the habit of observing all birds closely.   Begin practicing with the common birds. Look closely at every bird. Make it a habit.   Otherwise you won’t remember to see the details when you do find that rarity.

            Henry David Thoreau also noted that not everyone observes carefully. He warned of observational bias where “you only see what you expect to find.” I am guilty of that. Last spring I was casually glancing at my umpteenth Common Grackle of the day when suddenly my companion got excited about a Rusty Blackbird. I wanted to shout “Where? Where?” but realized it was the bird I was just looking at. The fields were overflowing with grackles, so I just assumed this was another one of many. I hadn’t taken the time to notice the shorter tail and overall smaller size.

          I definitely had the tenancy to look at a bird but not see. It was deeply ingrained habit and hard to break. But I finally found the secret technique that worked for me – I would talk to myself. I discovered that verbally describing a bird to myself as I looked at it was a good way to overcome my lazy habit and turn close observation into a routine. And it forced me to take my time and really look closely. As I looked, I would described the bird to myself as a medium size, chunky bird, dark above with white streaked throat, broken white eye-ring, running, not hopping, on a lawn, with long wing projection. If I was birding alone, I talked to myself out loud, voicing the description. I would start by talking about a general impression, then look closely at the head. I would describe the bill, the cap, any stripes and then I would talk about the wings. I talked about every part of the bird. If I was in a group, I had the same conversation, but silently in my mind.   This technique forced me to look at all the details, to really see the bird.   It also helped me remember those details in the event I had to check a field guide later to verify a sighting.

            Don’t fall into Watson’s bad habit of looking but not seeing. Learn to see every time. Start by talking to yourself.  

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I once made a list of the most commonly asked bird-related questions I receive. My favorite, although it is not in a top ten FAQ, is “how long do birds live?” It is my favorite because the answer is not a simple number. The answer depends. Moreover, it depends on many different factors. And that gives me the opportunity to explain why it depends.

Living Conditions

One major factor influencing the life expectancy of a bird is its living conditions. A bird living in captivity, say in a zoo or aviary, will outlive the same species living in the wild. In captivity it is safe from predators, sheltered from the environment, receives nutritious food on regular basis without having to hunt for it, and may even receive medical attention when needed. Life in the wild is considerably tougher.

In a similar way, human life expectancy is also highly dependent on living conditions. People living in first world countries tend to outlive those in third world countries, war torn areas or drought regions. They live under better conditions, have better sanitation, access to better nutrition and medical care with fewer mortal perils. So it is not surprising that a captive bird will outlive its wild cousin. A bird that may regularly live for 8 years in the wild, could live an additional 4 or 5 years in captivity. It might be a duller life, but it will be longer. So when we reference life expectancy number, it helps to know if it is based on a wild or captive birds. A bird’s life expectancy also depends on how you define the term. Sadly, most birds do not live to be one year old. The first year is tough on youngsters. Some studies show that the first month may be the most deadly. They are not experienced in finding food or shelter and have not learned to avoid predators. The majority, more than 50% die in infancy or adolescence. If you include all these infant mortalities when calculating the average life span of a species, the resulting number would be depressing low. However, once a bird survives the first year, it can expect a longer life. If you take all the early deaths into consideration you might say the average robin lives less than two year. However, if you only consider those robins that have survive adolescence, they may have a remaining life expectancy of 5-8 years.

A bird’s life span also depends on various factors. Bigger birds tends to live longer than smaller birds. Tropical species survive better than temperate zone species and seabirds survive better than land birds.

Bigger is Better

A typical sparrow-size bird might live 4-6 years. A slightly larger bird, such as a robin, may live an additional 2-3 years.   Crow-size birds live even longer. Hawks, eagles, swans and other large birds may live 20-25 years. Parrots are legendary for outliving their owners. In general, bigger is better.

Old Time Stories

The Guinness Book of Animal Records credits a Siberian white crane as having the longest recorded lifespan at 82 years, although this record is not well documented.

Wisdom

Some long lives are well documented. Albatross are among the largest birds with wingspans of over 11 feet. So it is not surprising that currently the oldest known living bird is a female Laysan Albatross named Wisdom. She is at least 63 years old, maybe older. We can be reasonable certain of her age. Chandler Robbins, a well-known wildlife biologist with the US Geological Survey, banded her on Midway Atoll, a remote island in the Pacific Ocean, in December 1956. Although we are not sure how old she was at that time, it was estimated that she was maybe 4-5 years old. Robbins captured Wisdom again over 40 years later. And other scientists continue to observe her regularly. Her ID band has been replaced five times.

Albatross return annually to their home island to bred, laying a single egg. In Feburary 2014, Wisdom returned again to Midway Atoll at the age of 63. Even more remarkable than her advanced age, she laid and incubated her single egg raising yet another albatross chick. That also ranks her among the oldest mothers in the animal world. Imagine how many children, grand-children, great grand-children, and great-great, grand-children would be in Wisdom’s family photograph.

The USGS estimates that in her lifetime Wisdom has flown more than 3 million miles, the equivalent of over 5 round trips to the moon.

Another story that illustrates the longevity of larger birds involves von Humboldt’s parrot. Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian-born naturalist, explorer and promoter. In the early 1800s he led expeditions to unexplored regions of the Amazon jungle. On one journey he stumbled upon a never-before-seen native tribe, called the Atures, in a remote area of the jungle. The tribe was previously unknown and isolated, not only from the outside world, but even from neighboring tribes. Obviously they had never seen a European before. The tribe had its own unique verbal language, but no written language. Despite the communication difficulties Von Humboldt and the tribal chief hit it off. When it became time for the expedition to move on, the chief gave Von Humboldt his pet parrot which was fluent in the tribal language.

Unfortunately, the explorers may have passed on a fatal disease to the natives and within a few years the entire tribe eventually died off. As a result their unique verbal language was lost to the world. Except for the parrot which, by default, then became the only being in the world to speak their language. After returning to Germany, Von Humboldt, emulating PT Barnum, toured Europe for several years promoting the oddities he discovered on his Amazon expeditions including the only parrot in the world who could speak an extinct language. Audiences were fascinated.

Fred

In the late 1970s Robert Blake starred in popular television detective series called Baretta. His character, Tony Baretta, had a pet sulphur-crested cockatoo named Fred. This species is known for longevity and there are reports on the internet that claim Fred lived to ripe old age of 83. This can’t be verify because in the 1990 Fred was kidnapped (or birdnapped) from the San Diego Wildlife Park where he had been performing.

Maximum vs. Average Lifespan

A long life for one individual does not mean other individuals of that species will live just as long. Recent news reports covered the birthday party for the oldest living man in the US who was turning 105. Yet the average life expectancy of all men is closer to 70 years. Extremes happen but are not representative of the whole.

For example, Stamford University reported on 1746 Purple Finches that were captured, banded and released to the wild and then recaptured again. 1731 of the recaptured finches had initially been banded sometime during the previous 6 years. Only one of the recaptured individuals had been banded over 10 years earlier. So how would you define the life span of these finches? 10 years? Or 6 years?

Large birds do live longer lives. At the opposite extreme are the small birds. Tiny hummingbirds do have a much shorter lifespan than an albatross, but not extremely short. The average hummingbird may live 3-5 years. The record for a ruby-throated hummingbird in the wild is 6 years, 11 months. In its long life this tiny bird weighing less than a dime made 14 migrations trips of 2000 miles or more. The longest lived hummingbird was a larger Broad-tail hummingbird that lived 12 years in the wild.

If someone asks you how long a bird lives, remember the answer is “it depends.” Are they asking about the maximum lifespan, the average lifespan, in captivity or in the wild, big bird or little birds? The answer depends and the factors that impact longevity make interest trivia.

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^{For millions of years, since they evolved from the dinosaurs, birds have done just fine without any human intervention or assistance. No human-provided bird houses, bird baths or bird feeders. Not only have birds survived without us, they prospered. Year after year they have continued to raise new generations. They evolved and adapted to bad weather and changes to their environment. They don’t need us.}

^{When early European settlers first arrived in the new world they were surprised to see a few Native American tribes hanging hollowed-out gourds from trees around their villages hoping that birds would nest in them. The first bird houses. This was not an altruistic effort to help the local birds survive. Rather, they were trying to attract birds to their village. Living closer to nature than modern villagers, Native Americans noticed that certain species of birds consumed lots and lots of flying bugs and insects. They reasoned if they provided good nesting sites maybe more of these beneficial birds would be attracted to their neighborhood. More birds would eat more pesky insects and life would be better.}

^{Settlers emulated the native’s practice and adapted it for their homesteads. Over time the practice of hanging a bird house in your backyard that began for a practical reason now morphed into the need for a cute little bird house in every suburban backyard. Even though most of the species that utilize these cute houses do not devour enormous quantities of pesky bugs. Today the main purpose of a backyard bird house is for entertainment, and as a modest way to reconnect with nature and be environmentally correct. It is also wonderful education experience for youngsters.}     

^{A House is Not a Home}

^{The popularity of bird houses has led to some common questions and misconceptions. The first misconception is that a bird house is a home. It isn’t. Birds don’t actually live in a bird house. Birds use a bird house for only one purpose – to build a nest, lay eggs and make sure their kids grow up healthy. Once the kids are old enough to leave home and live on their own, the bird house is abandoned. That’s it. They no longer use it. Ornithologists, for years, have tried to promote the term “nesting box” instead of “bird house” but it has never caught on with the public even though it is technically accurate. I think a more descriptive term might be a “bird nursery” but I doubt that term will catch on either.}

^{What Makes a Good House?}

^{Choosing a new bird house or nesting box always raises questions. What features should you look for? Which design is best? A cutesy design will have what a realtor would call curb appeal. But that appeal is intended for the human landlords. Birds do not really care what it looks like. They are primarily looking for shelter and safety for their family.}

^{There are a few key elements to consider in selecting the ideal house. The first is the construction material. Wood is good. Avoid metal houses which can become dangerously warm and oven-like on hot, sunny days. Quality construction techniques ensure long life. Choose a house that is assembled with screws instead of glue, nails or staples. It will last much longer. The design of the house should provide some ventilation allowing hot air to escape on warm days. A roof that projects beyond the entrance hole provides some protection preventing rain from entering and creating a soggy nest. An easily accessible “clean-out” hole should allow removal of the old nest at the end of the year.}

^{And, finally, my pet peeve in bird house design – the perch. Get rid of it. Sure, the classic image of a cutesy bird house includes a proud parent sitting on the perch about to enter the house. But birds do not need it. A perch just gives a potential predatory something to hold onto while it reaching into the entrance hole to grab an egg or nestling. So, no perch.}

^{What Kind of Tenants}

^{Shopping for a bird house in a nature store can be confusing. There are a variety of houses available.   One might be labelled as a bluebird house. A sign on the house next to it may identify a chickadee house. Birds can’t read. So how does a chickadee know which is the correct one to use? The answer is simple. It is all about the size of the circular entrance hole. Chickadees are small birds. So the chickadee house has a very small hole. A chickadee can enter easily through the small opening, but a larger bird such as a bluebird or a starling is too large to fit. Of course, any bird smaller in size than a chickadee would also fit through the small entrance hole. Or the opposite can happen. A small chickadee might use a house with a larger hole. In fact, a larger hole makes the house accessible to a wider variety and size of birds.   You never can be sure who will move in. Hopefully someone will.}

^{What Kind of Tenants}

^{Not every species of bird will use a bird house. A robin won’t use a house, nor will a mockingbird or a hummingbird. They build their nests on branches. The types of birds that use a human-provided house are known as cavity nesters. In the wild, they build their in any cavity they find – a hole caused by lightning strike or decay, a broken limb or an old woodpecker hole. A bird house simulates a natural cavity.}

^{No Vacancy}

^{Occasionally a family will hang a house in their backyard but no birds actually use it. How can you insure that a bird will use a house? You can’t. Birds, like people, can be finicky. I know. My wife and I must have looked at over a hundred houses before she found one she liked. You may hang up the absolutely loveliest bird house, and the birds will build their nest on the lamppost next to it.}

^{My uncle, a successful realtor, always believed that advertising was essential to attracting the greatest number of potential new tenants.   He created this ad for our house.  It can’t hurt.}

^{For Rent}

• ^{Lovely One Bedroom Apartment}
• ^{Clean and Spacious}
• ^{Nice Neighborhood}
• ^{Good Landlord}
• ^{Ideal for Growing Family}

^{To Clean or Not to Clean}

^{Once the nestlings have fledged and the family has left the house what should you do? It hangs there unused but full of old sticks, grasses and stuff. Should you clean it out and get it ready for new tenants next year? For years the recommended practice has been to clean out the house each fall. There is concern that some parasites remaining in the old nest might survive the cold winter and would be harmful next spring when the new fledglings and young and vulnerable. However, recently some bright young ornithologist realized that in the wild bird use natural cavities.  No one cleans out the old remnants from those nests in natural cavities. Yet birds have survived for millions of years. So maybe a cleaning is not absolutely necessary.}

^{Birds are not dependent on human-provided housing for survival. However, the need for human housing grows and cities expand. Formerly undeveloped land is being destroyed to make room for housing developments and shopping malls. As a result, the number of natural cavities available is shrinking. A bird house provides a ready substitute.}

^{You may want to consider becoming a housing developer or landlord by putting a second house in your backyard. Mortgage rates are low. And birds need housing. So put up a bird house, nesting box or bird nursery. If you hang it they will come.}

My favorite bird-related question, although it is not in a top ten FAQS, is “how long do birds live?” It is my favorite because the answer is not a simple number. The answer depends. Moreover, it depends on many different factors. And that gives me the opportunity to explain why it depends.

Living Conditions

One major factor influencing the life expectancy of a bird is its living conditions. A bird living in captivity, say in a zoo or aviary, will outlive the same species living in the wild. In captivity it is safe from predators, sheltered from the environment, receives nutritious food on regular basis without having to hunt for it, and may even receive medical attention when needed. Life in the wild is considerably tougher.

In a similar way, human life expectancy is also highly dependent on living conditions. People living in first world countries tend to outlive those in third world countries, war torn areas or drought regions. They live under better conditions, have better sanitation, access to better nutrition and medical care with fewer mortal perils. So it is not surprising that a captive bird will outlive its wild cousin. A bird in your backyard that may regularly live for 8 years in the wild, could live an additional 4 or 5 years in captivity. It might be a duller life, but it will be longer. So when we reference life expectancy number, it helps to know if it is based on a wild or captive birds.

A bird’s life expectancy also depends on how you define the term. Sadly, most birds do not live to be one year old. The first year is tough on youngsters. Some studies show that the first month may be the most deadly. They are not experienced in finding food or shelter and have not learned to avoid predators. The majority, more than 50% die in infancy or adolescence. If you include all these infant mortalities when calculating the average life span of a species, the resulting number would be depressing low. However, once a bird survives the first year, it can expect a longer life. If you take all the early deaths into consideration you might say the average robin lives less than two year. However, if you only consider those robins that have survive adolescence, they may have a remaining life expectancy of 5-8 years.

A bird’s life span also depends on various factors. Bigger birds tends to live longer than smaller birds.   Tropical species survive better than temperate zone species and seabirds survive better than land birds.

Bigger is Better

A typical sparrow-size bird might live 4-6 years. A slightly larger bird, such as a robin, may live an additional 2-3 years.   Crow-size birds live even longer. Hawks, eagles, swans and other large birds may live 20-25 years. Parrots are legendary for outliving their owners. In general, bigger is better.

Old Time Stories

The Guinness Book of Animal Records credits a Siberian white crane as having the longest recorded lifespan at 82 years, although this record is not well documented.

Wisdom

Some long lives are well documented. Albatross are among the largest birds with wingspans of over 11 feet. So it is not surprising that currently the oldest known living bird is a female Laysan Albatross named Wisdom. She is at least 63 years old, maybe older. We can be reasonable certain of her age. Chandler Robbins, a well-known wildlife biologist with the US Geological Survey, banded her on Midway Atoll, a remote island in the Pacific Ocean, in December 1956. Although we are not sure how old she was at that time, it was estimated that she was maybe 4-5 years old. Robbins captured Wisdom again over 40 years later. And other scientists continue to observe her regularly. Her ID band has been replaced five times.

Albatross return annually to their home island to bred, laying a single egg. In Feburary 2014, Wisdom returned again to Midway Atoll at the age of 63. Even more remarkable than her advanced age, she laid and incubated her single egg raising yet another albatross chick. That also puts her in the ranks of the oldest mothers in the animal world. Imagine how many children, grand-children, great grand-children, and great-great, grand-children would be in Wisdom’s family photograph.

The USGS estimates that in her lifetime Wisdom has flown more than 3 million miles, the equivalent of over 5 round trips to the moon.

Another story that illustrates the longevity of larger birds involves von Humboldt’s parrot. Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian-born naturalist, explorer and promoter. In the early 1800s he led expeditions to unexplored regions of the Amazon jungle. On one journey he stumbled upon a never-before-seen native tribe, called the Atures, in a remote area of the jungle. The tribe was previously unknown and isolated, not only from the outside world, but even from neighboring tribes. Obviously they had never seen a European before. The tribe had its own unique verbal language, but no written language. Despite the communication difficulties Von Humboldt and the tribal chief hit it off. When it became time for the expedition to move on, the chief gave Von Humboldt his pet parrot which was fluent in the tribal language.

Unfortunately, the explorers may have passed on a fatal disease to the natives and within a few years the entire tribe eventually died off. As a result their unique verbal language was lost to the world. Except for the parrot which, by default, then became the only being in the world to speak their language. After returning to Germany, Von Humboldt, emulating PT Barnum, toured Europe for several years promoting the oddities he discovered on his Amazon expeditions including the only parrot in the world who could speak an extinct language. Audiences were fascinated.

Fred

In the late 1970s Robert Blake starred in popular television detective series called Beretta. His character, Tony Baretta, had a pet sulphur-crested cockatoo named Fred. This species is known for longevity and there are reports on the internet that claim Fred lived to ripe old age of 83. This can’t be verify because in the 1990 Fred was kidnapped (or birdnapped) from the San Diego Wildlife Park where he had been performing.

Maximum vs. Average Lifespan

A long life for one individual does not mean other individuals of that species will live just as long. Recent news reports covered the birthday party for the oldest living man in the US who was turning 105. Yet the average life expectancy of all men is closer to 70 years. Extremes happen but are not representative of the whole.

For example, Stamford University reported on 1746 Purple Finches that were captured, banded and released to the wild and then recaptured again. 1731 of the recaptured finches had initially been banded sometime during the previous 6 years. Only one of the recaptured individuals had been banded over 10 years earlier. So how would you define the life span of these finches? 10 years? Or 6 years?

Large birds do live longer lives. At the opposite extreme are the small birds. Tiny hummingbirds do have a much shorter lifespan than an albatross, but not extremely short. The average hummingbird may live 3-5 years. The record for a ruby-throated hummingbird in the wild is 6 years, 11 months. In its long life this tiny bird weighing less than a dime made 14 migrations trips of 2000 miles or more. The longest lived hummingbird was a larger Broad-tail hummingbird that lived 12 years in the wild.

If someone asks you how long a bird lives, remember the answer is “it depends.” Are they asking about the maximum lifespan, the average lifespan, in captivity or in the wild, big bird or little birds? The answer depends and the factors that impact longevity make interest trivia.

February 20th  was not a typical February day.  A week earlier, the temperature was near zero.  Today it reached 60 degrees.  No snow on the ground.  Cloudless, sunny sky.  A nice day to be outdoors for any reason.  In addition to the usual a variety of backyard birds our group of 17 birders was hoping to see wintering ducks, a reported Great Horned Owl and, of course, a Bald Eagle.

We didn’t find a large variety of birds, the owl couldn’t be found, no ducks around but we did find Bald Eagles.  One full adult, with white head and tail, posed on a tree top giving us good views and chance for some photos.  The bird was more than one-half block away and Steve Gold took this photo through a spotting scope, something he never tried before.  As a result, the quality is not top-notch, but it does serve as a memento of the day.

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Last week was a momentous week.  It started on Sunday.  That was my birthday.  It was also the day that I closed my store, the Wild Bird Center, that I have been running for the past 17 years after retirement from corporate life.  The following day I officially became an unemployed bum.  I entered into the next phase of my life with plenty of unscheduled time on my hands.

I haven’t posted anything here for many moons falling back on the excuse that I did not have enough time.  Now that lame excuse no longer applies.  So I will attempt to post on a more regular basis, maybe several times per week.  I expect that most posts will have some kind of connection with birds, nature and life as we known it.  I’ll try to keep each post both interesting and to some extent educational.

Here is my first new post.  Let me know if you like it.  It is loosely based on a short item that appeared in a recent issue of the Bronx River-Aound Shore Audubon Society newsletter

Stick Figures

The students in Mr. Howards’s second grade classroom were glued to the window watching a pair of house wrens bringing sticks and twigs to a bird house to use in building their nest.  Some sticks were tiny, other were slightly larger.  Still others were so big that the wrens had difficulty getting them through the small entrance hole.  The wren would turn its head, twist its neck, and bend the twig until somehow the wren forced it into the nest box.

This was more fun than watching some electronic screen.  Nature was happening in front of the eyes.  They marveled at the number of trips the wrens made delivering building material.  It seemed like a continuous stream.

“How many sticks does it take to build a nest?” one boy asked.  Mr. Howard didn’t know but turned the question back to the students.  “How many do you think they need?” he asked.  “Any ideas?”  The responses ranged from one hundred to a zillion.  “And how can we find out for sure?”

The class decided the only way to know for sure would be to actually count all the sticks.  But first they had to wait for the baby wrens to grow up and leave the nest.  So for the next few weeks they continued to watch as the adults came and went bringing food for the nestlings.  When the babies finally peeked out of the hole they were thrilled.  They cheered at the youngster’s first attempts at flying.  Finally the nest was quiet.

Now it was time to count the sticks.  Mr. Howard gathered them all up into a large box.  There were a lot.  House wrens are notorious for completely stuffing a nest box with sticks.  The class divided into teams with each team receiving a handful of sticks which they counted into neat piles of ten.  Mr. Howard recorded all their results on the big whiteboard.

When all the counting, adding and totaling was done the children knew there were exactly 1,308 sticks in the bird house.  That was many more than the estimate of 100 but less than a zillion.  And each stick had been personally delivered by one of the adult wrens.  Sometimes they delivered more than one stick in a single visit, but even so, building a nest was a major undertaking.

The wrens took about two days to gather enough sticks to construct their nest, or about 600 sticks per day. If they worked an eight hour shift that would amount to 75 sticks per hour.  Despite the fact that on some trip they brought two or three sticks in a single beak full, it took a lot of trips, on average, maybe, one visit every five minutes.

That is not unusual.  One scientific study counted the actual number of trips that barn swallows made to construct their nest.  Swallows build their nest by bringing beak fulls of damp mud and plastering the mud to a vertical wall.  It is like working with modeling clay. Adding one small beak full of mud at a time they construct a larger nest.   When the mud dries, the result is a strong adobe nest in a very safe location. The scientific research revealed that the swallow made more than 1200 trips delivering mud. Since wrens and swallows are fairly small birds, they do not build enormous nests.  Their nest may only be a few inches in diameter.  Obviously larger birds need bigger nests.  And sticks and mud are much too small to be practical.  Large birds such as hawks and owls use larger construction material.  They choose branches and limbs up to a few feet long and at least one inch in diameter.  They carry this heavy-duty nesting material to the nesting site in their talons, not in their beaks.

Bald eagles build some of the largest nests, sometimes over six feet or more in diameter.  It takes a lot of work to construct a nest that large.  So they reuse the same nest year after year just adding some additional nesting material each year.  Their nests just keep getting bigger and bigger.  The nest not only gets wider, it gets deeper every year.  There is a report of one eagle high in a tree top in Ohio that was reused for 35 straight years until it became so large and heavy that the tree could no longer support it and it crashed to the ground.  Experts estimated that it weighed at least one ton when it fell.

At the opposite extreme are hummingbird nests.  A typical hummingbird nest may be only the size of half a walnut shell, maybe an inch in diameter and one-half inch deep.  That is too small to use twigs in the construction.  Instead the female (It is always the female. The male doesn’t do any of the building.) gathers grasses, plant down, lichen then uses spider webbing or sticky silk from cocoons to lash the materials together forming a nest.

Whether it is built of sticks, grass, mud or branches, a nest is a major construction project.  And birds do not have even the most basic construction tools – no hammers, saws, or nails.  Moreover, they do not have hands or fingers that allow them to easily maneuver various construction materials.   Despite the lack of tools, birds manage to build their nest every year.

And if they should choose to build near a school building, children may watch their effort and momentarily reconnect with nature.  And effective teachers may turn it into a learning experience involving a fun math project.

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         There are two classic tales in the world of fishing. The first is about the one that got away; the rare specimen a fisherman didn’t quite land, that managed to elude him. The second story, which may be more common, explains that you should have been here yesterday when everything was perfect, or at least much better.

            Similar stories are also common in the birding world. I’m sure you have often been told that you should have been here yesterday, or last week, or last month when there were so many warblers they were practically falling out of the trees. Or remember how last year’s migration was so much better.   Whenever serious birders gather there seems to be an intense competition as to which of them has participated in the most extreme chase while hunting down a rarity. It is common to hear a tale of a 5-6 hour pre-dawn drive in rain to look for a rare species. Or of waiting countless hours in sub-freezing temperatures for a reported bird to appear.

            The story of the chase is even more dramatic if, after overcoming incredible obstacles, the bird never appears. An epic adventure without a triumphant ending. I know of one birder from Wyoming who rushed cross-country to Nantucket Island off Rhode Island to see a Red Kite, a rare European raptor, only to arrive exact twenty minutes after the last time it was seen. These stories are the legends that build birding credibility. All serious birders can relate such tales of extraordinary adventure just to see a single bird. It almost seems that an easily found bird is not as memorable as one that requires super-human effort.

            Personally, I do not chase rare birds. At least not if it is too far away, or too inconvenient, or if I am busy organizing my sock drawer. However, if it is less than five to ten miles away and not more than a twenty minute drive, I might try.

A few years ago I learned about a rare bird, a northern wheatear, that met my criteria. It was seen at Croton Point Park a large park on the Hudson River. Wheatears breed in Greenland and the Arctic. Normally in fall they migrate across the Atlantic to Europe and then south to their wintering grounds in Africa. They are extremely rare in New York where I live. In fact, this was the first sighting reported in Westchester county in over 40 years. I had never seen one. It was nearby. I had free time. So why not?

            Checking my field guide, it did not seem like a spectacular bird, a basically nondescript sparrow-size bird. But it would be a life bird. So I went on the chase.

            The park is an easy twenty minute drive on a good road without much traffic. However, halfway into the drive a steady mist began, enough to turn the wipers on. Normally, I am a fair weather type of birder and don’t venture out in the rain. I debated turning around. But it was a not full rain and I was almost there, so I continued driving.

            Croton Point Park is a large park and I did not know the exact location within the park where the bird was seen. Peering through the wiper streaks, I wondered how I would find it, where to look. The mist was intensifying and I didn’t want to go scouting around for any length of time without a destination in mind. My plan was to look for a group of people standing around toting binoculars watching the bird and swapping stories. A rare bird attracts birders.

            As I pulled into a parking lot I scanned for eager birders but none were visible and there was only a handful of cars in the lot. Time for Plan B. I pulled into a parking spot to consider my next step. The gray sky and steady mist were not very inviting, especially since I didn’t know whether go left or right. Perhaps, the wisest choice might be to come back tomorrow when sunnier weather was forecasted.

            One last quick look around. Nothing. Then I noticed a small bird sitting atop the chain link fence ten feet directly in front of my car. It was the wheatear! Amazing. Grabbed my binoculars. Got a great look. Checked out the field marks. But only for sixty seconds before it flew off across a large stretch of water and disappeared. There was little hope of finding it again if I chased after it.

            A life bird! And I didn’t even get out of my car. I should have been excited, but I wasn’t. I should have opened the car door, stepped out, and performed the obligatory life bird dance but it was raining and I just wasn’t into it. Too easy. Only a brief glimpse. The whole outing was too short, taking less than thirty minutes. I recall thinking I was more excited when I identified my first chickadee decades ago even though this was a life bird. I don’t think I am getting jaded. Maybe there should be more to birding than just ticking off a new bird on a list. Don’t get me wrong. I did check off the wheatear – I’m not giving it back just because it was easy.

            The next day I did return to the park. The mist had lifted, the sun was peeking out, the weather was much improved and the expected clump of birders was there. And so was the bird, powerful scopes following its every movement. I didn’t get as close or get as good a view as the previous day. But I enjoyed it more. Was it sharing the joy with fellow birders? Was yesterday too easy? Is a good chase story essential to fully appreciate a new life bird?

            Now, when my birding buddies begin to spin their tales of difficult chases, I smile and tell them my story of the wheatear, my easiest life bird ever.   They are not impressed. To a true believer, a good life bird requires a good chase story. So I don’t tell them that my favorite sighting ever was the red-headed woodpecker I saw in my backyard. A life bird is a life bird, even if it is easy.

                Bond, James Bond. Agent 007. Master Spy in service to Her Majesty.

                Thanks to Ian Fleming’s 17 novels and subsequent movies the fictional spy, James Bond, is famous. Even his preference for alcoholic beverages is known worldwide – martini, shaken, not stirred. In real life, I believe, all his notoriety would have made him somewhat ineffective as a secret agent. But James Bond, spy, is fictional and anything is possible in fiction.

                The real life James Bond, however, remains relatively obscure. There was one. He was a serious bird watcher. There is no doubt that Ian Fleming blatantly appropriated his name to use for his fictional spy. Fleming actually admitted it. It was a true case of identity theft.

                The real life Bond, born in Philadelphia and educated at Cambridge, was a 20^th century ornithologist with his own modest claim to fame (at least among birders). He travelled to the Amazon as a youngster and conducted many field studies in the Caribbean. He was considered “the expert” on birds of the Caribbean area. Among ornithologist he is known for proving that birds of the Caribbean originate in North American, not South America. Eventually, he became curator of birds at the prestigious Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. In 1936 he published the authoritative book “Birds of the West Indies” which later became part of the Peterson Field Guide Series. And today an updated version continues to be part of the Collins Field Guide Series.

               How (and why) did James Bond, spy, assume the name of James Bond, ornithologist? This isn’t a case of alter egos, Superman and Clark Kent, Batman and Britt Reid, or the Green Hornet and Bruce Wayne.

                The story: In addition to serving as a Lieutenant Commander for the British Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, Fleming was an avid birder (he was British after all). While attending a spy conference in Jamaica he fell in love with the island, and after the war purchased an estate there that he called “Goldeneye” – a good name for a book, a villain, or a duck.   In the early 1950s he was in Jamaica finishing the final draft of his first novel, Casino Royale. But he was not completely happy with the name he had given his main character.   On the side table was his copy of James Bond’s Birds of the West Indies which Fleming referred to as his bible. Fleming’s eye fell on the author’s name, he shouted “eureka” and ran to tell the king. No, I think that is part of another story. Well, he liked the name James Bond. So he stole it.

                Later he would write “I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, ‘James Bond’ was much better than something more interesting, like ‘Peregrine Carruthers’. Exotic things could happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure.” So Fleming’s protagonist was dubbed James Bond. The books became best sellers, first in Britain, then in the US. and James Bond became a household name.

                In the meantime, the real James Bond was unaware of this identity theft until 1960. He was reading a review in the London Sunday Times of the new edition of his field guide. The Times reviewer jokingly wrote “I can barely bring myself to write that James Bond, like practically everyone else these days is trying to establish a new image for himself. Bond has revealed himself as a bird-watcher.” The reviewer then became serious and went on to acknowledge that the real Bond was, in fact, “a top banana in ornithology”.

                Bond was somewhat amused and stated he was “fine with it.” But his wife, Mary, wrote to Fleming lightheartedly chastising him for stealing her husband’s name for his “rascal” character. Fleming wrote back explaining that he was just looking for the dullest name he could find. The name struck him as “brief, unromantic, yet very masculine”. Still he understood why Mary might be upset and offered a trade. “In return” he wrote “I can only offer your James Bond the unlimited use of the name Ian Fleming for any purpose he may think fit. Perhaps one day he will discover some particularly horrible species of birds which he would like to christen in an insulting fashion.”

                Fleming invited the Bonds to visit with him in Jamaica which they did a few years later. While there Bond also appeared in a documentary that was being filmed about Fleming.   In 1964 Fleming presented Bond with a first edition copy of You Only Live Twice inscribing it “To the real James Bond, from the thief of his identity.” . Fifty years later that book was sold at auction for $84,000. 

                Once the story behind the origin of the name became better known subtle references appeared. In one scene of the 2002 film Die Another Day, Bond, played by Pierce Brosman, is shown examining a book titled Birds of the West Indies with a cover that looks exactly like Bond’s book but with the author’s name obscured. In the same film, Bond introduces himself to Halle Berry as an ornithologist.

                Depending on your perspective, James Bond is either a serious scientist studying Caribbean birds or a debonair spy searching for an evil mastermind intent on ruling the world. What about you? When you are in the field, high-powered optics slung around your neck, which Bond do you emulate? Are you actually looking for a rare bird or would you prefer to be a, suave secret agent out to save the world?

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The good news is that Bird Watchers Digest, the largest circulation magazine for average birders, has agree to print one of articles on birds – “Eat Like a Bird”

The bad news is that they already have so many stories waiting to be published, they may not get to mine until 2016.  But, fear not.  So you won’t have to wait  so long I have posted that story below.  How you enjoy it.

Eat Like a Bird

“Your Aunt Helen eats like a bird,” my mother would say. “She just pecks at her food and barely eats anything. If you don’t eat all the food on your plate you’ll grow up looking like a real string bean. So eat.”

Actually, my mother was wrong, as many people are, when describing a bird’s eating habits. Maybe she once saw a chickadee at our feeder grab a single sunflower seed and fly away or watched a robin struggle with a skinny worm. The truth is birds are not the dainty eaters most people imagine. Compared to supermodels desperately trying to maintain their trim figures, birds are pigs.

A small backyard bird commonly consumes 25-35% of its own weight every day. A larger bird such as a blue jay may eat 10% of its weight. Hyperactive hummingbirds consume their own weight in a single day. A typical adult man eats maybe 3% of his weight in a day. If he actually ate like a chickadee, he would be eating about 50 pounds of food per day. That is the equivalent of 200 quarter-pounders, hardly a starvation diet. A bird eats an enormous amount of food considering its diminutive size. A bird is an eating machine.

Birds need to eat a lot and often because flying requires energy. Yet despite their large food intake, they don’t pile on extra pounds. You never see a fat bird. It can’t afford any extra weight. Weight would slow it down, make it less maneuverable, and increase the risks from predators. Fortunately, birds have a high metabolism rate which compensates for their high food intake.

In fact, except for shrews, hummingbirds have the highest metabolism rate of any vertebrate creature on earth. As a result, hummingbirds need to eat almost continuously throughout a day, 3 to 4 times per hour. Studies show that a single hummingbird might visit up to 1,000 flowers per day and drink its own weight in nectar, while burning 12,000 calories per day.

When it comes to dining behavior, hummingbirds and small songbirds might be considered “grazers” – birds that don’t eat a single large meal but have many smaller meals throughout the day. One study showed that an individual chickadee may eat more than one hundred sunflower seeds during a day. Not all at once. Maybe a couple of seeds early in the morning after waking, then a few more several hours later, a couple in mid-afternoon, and again late in the day just before retiring.

Hawks, owls and other raptors have the exact opposite eating style. They might be considered “gorgers” – they don’t eat as often as hummingbirds. But when they do eat, they want a big feast – a large mouse or rabbit. One hearty meal can satisfy a raptor so it may not eat again all day.

Gaining Weight

At some times, some birds do deliberately overeat, usually just prior to a major expenditure of energy. For example, tiny Blackpoll warblers, weighing less than one-half ounce, make a long fall migration flight of more than 1800 miles non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean from northeastern United States to South. America. They can’t stop to eat along the way. So in preparation for this long, perilous flight they deliberately bulk up, nearly doubling their normal weight. The added weight is primarily fat, which provides energy to burn during their long journey. This binge eating is similar in concept to an airplane loading up with extra jet fuel before an extended flight. It takes more energy to become airborne but the extra reserve fuel adds many hours of potential flying time, which can be critical if they encounter strong headwinds or adverse weather. It extends their flying time and range. Since there is no place for a Blackpoll to land during its migration flight, the added range is a prudent safety measure.

Don’t Gulp

Another one of my mother’s common admonitions was “Stop gulping your food. Always chew it carefully before swallowing. It will taste better.” Birds gulp their food, swallowing an entire seed without chewing it. They can’t chew. They don’t have any teeth. It is believed birds lost their teeth as part of the evolutionary process to reduce their weight for improved flying. So they gulp their food whole.

How do birds taste their food without chewing? Humans have about 10,000 taste buds, mostly located on the rear of the tongue. The human tongue is soft and amazingly flexible. A bird’s tongue is hard and stiff with less than 50 taste buds, so they don’t expereince the same taste sensation we do. Yet, countless studies have demonstrated that birds do have taste preferences. One bird will prefer Seed “A” over Seed “B” but won’t touch Seed “C” at all. Finches, for example, love nyjer/thistle seed but other species won’t eat it.

Scientists have experimented by adding various flavoring to water. Birds could tell the difference. When hummingbirds are offered the choice of water with different concentrations of sugar, they always choose a particular concentration, not too sweet, not unsweetened, just right. Waxwings test the sugar content of berries to determine if they are sweet and ripe enough to eat.

A British ornithologist tested his backyard birds. Taking a large bag of identical seeds, he dyed some of them yellow, some red, and some blue. His birds showed a definite preference. They ate the yellow seeds first. When the yellow ones were gone, they ate the red ones. And, finally, when there was nothing else, they ate the blue seeds. Why? He speculated that yellow was the color nearest to natural wheat or grain seed, while few edible things in nature are blue.

If you watch a bird’s feeding patterns at your bird feeder, you may notice a chickadee pick up one sunflower seed and drop it. Then it picks up a second or third seed before finally selecting one to eat. Why do they prefer one seed over another? It takes the same amount of effort to break open any seed. So the bird chooses the heaviest seed, which yields the most food for their effort, the biggest bang for the buck.

Good Nutritional Guideline

Nutritionists have many reasons to frown at a bird’s dietary regimen. First, there is very little variety. A chickadee would be happy eating nothing but sunflower seeds 365 days a year. Of course, they supplement the seed from a feeder with food they get from other natural sources. Many birds are opportunistic feeders. When a particular food is abundant they feast on it. When grass goes to seed, they gorge on fresh grass seed. At the peak of the 17-year cicada abundance, blue jays feast exclusively on cicadas. If scientists from outer space landed on earth at that time and studied jays, they would conclude that blue jays are 100% dependent on cicadas and eat nothing else.

Nutritionists would also warn birds about the amount of fat in their diet. Birds love fat. Suet, for example, is pure beef fat. One 11 oz. cake of pure suet contains 2900 calories, the equivalent of six Big Macs. But birds like it.   And birds need calories.

Despite my mother’s misconceptions about birds’ eating habits, she did instill in me reasonably good eating habits. I have a hardy appetite and I don’t pick at my food. I choose a variety of food from all the food groups and am careful about my fat intake. But my mother still thinks Aunt Helen eats like a bird.

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